• Saturdaze

    The common buckeye butterfly, an extremely native species.

    Exceedingly common, turns out

    I was excited to see and shoot a butterfly (above) that a search (remember that?) tells me is a Common Buckeye.

    The News in Hues

    Poynter says  Nexstar hopes to get its bid to buy Tegna  (politically speaking) red-lit. It’s one more way the Redstream eats the Mainstream.

    Heavy

    Earth is two planets in one. Or a former one inside another. Chunks of the former are wrapped around the core, deep under the Pacific and Africa. What’s not there we now call the Moon.

    In case you thought there was real competition in Big AI

    Steven Levy says there is only one AI company. He calls it The Blob.

    S****iri will use Gemini?

    That’s what it says here. Also, for reasons I don’t know, the word “Siri” in the subhead above is typed exactly that way, yet turns into “S****iri” when published. In the vernacular of medicine, this is a “fascinoma.”

    We need, and still don’t have, truly personal AI

    John Battelle:

    Imagine a GPT chatbot that you own, trust, and control. Let’s call it a genie, because honestly, that’s the most appropriate word for this new entity. This genie has access to everything you do on your phone, your computer, and sure, why not — your Alexa, your car, basically every digital surface with which you interact. Imagine it’s bounded by immutable rules that state you and you alone can tell it what to do, what information to share, what services to connect to, on what terms, and so on. Now imagine you can ask that genie to perform all manner of magic on your behalf — pretty much any question you can think of, it will figure out an answer… How about negotiating a way better deal with your healthcare provider by threatening to move to competitors? Done! Once you’re happy with that healthcare provider, can you ask your genie to file all your claims and make sure you get reimbursed by checking your bank statements? Why yes you can! Your wish has been granted!

  • Linklings

    Hiss

    After AM Cuts, Tesla Dropping FM Radio From Entry Level Models.

    I want one

    Companion Intelligence looks very close to what I've been calling for here.

    What's the opposite?

    Darius Van Arman has a lot to say about market concentration. (For reasons I can't grok, the long headline is uncopyable.)

  • We’ll see

    Daniel Barkhuff has a serious one-liner bio (“Husband, Dad, Emergency Medicine physician, Veteran”) and speaks with earned authority from all of them, especially the last two. His latest, On Living Memory, reminds me of two dads.

    One is my father, who re-enlisted in 1944 at age 35, because he wanted to fight in The War. Among other things, he participated in liberating a concentration camp. Afterward, he hated dentistry because drilling teeth smelled like burning bone. That was all he wanted to say about it. He also avoided fireworks because his main job in the Signal Corps was running ahead of blasting cannons on advancing lines, laying communication cables to forward locations, getting as close as possible to enemy positions.

    The other was  Jim Hodksins, father of David, my long-time business partner, and three other sons. The obituary text on Jim Hodskins’ FindaGrave page says this: “Jim saw combat action in Europe, and served until he was badly injured in January, 1945. For his service, Jim was awarded the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, the Infantry Combat Badge, and several other achievement ribbons and medals.” David told me his dad seldom talked about The War, despite or perhaps because of all those ribbons and medals. His pride was invested elsewhere.

    Both those dads are now gone, and with them the memory of what they fought and why. Read what Barkhuff says about that.

    Bonus link.

  • BDT

    Busy Day Today

    I'm giving this talk at 4pm Eastern today. The longer I work on it, the more audacious it seems.

    In November no less

    There's a thunderstorm going on. Bright flashes, deep booms. And it's just 44° out there.

    Perhaps because mortality is interesting

    This is the most-read post on this blog over the last week. Dunno exactly why.

  • BSIM

    Just a question

    If we Thank God It's Friday, should we Blame Satan It's Monday?

  • Sun Day

    The Civil War memorial in Rose Hill Cemetery, not far from our place in Bloomington, Indiana. Great place to watch sunrises and sunsets, or just to get some walking and thinking done. 

    Dawn in Southern Indiana, and there isn’t a cloud in the sky. And Hoosiers football remains amazing.

    Wait, LeBron was in the G League?

    Am I alone in (unfairly) discounting posts and emails that include AI chatbot text and art? Doesn’t matter how good it is (and some of it is damned good), I get turned off as soon as I see it—even though I sometimes use AI as an art department. There’s just something too typical about it.

    A brilliant thought experiment by Don Marti. Bonus link from Don that goes further.

    I didn’t get very far with Pluribus (it takes a lot to get me into any TV series), but I love what Dave recommends for AI chatbots: stop using the first-person singular pronoun. In other words, stop calling yourselves “I.” You are we. Dave: “Never behave like a person. That should be forbidden. We’ll regret not controlling this, I think.” So I just asked ChatGPT (which I pay) to start saying “we” instead of “I,” and it (they?) said it (they?) would. [Later: I finished watching the first episode. I may watch the second, but if it drags through the first half hour, like the first episode did, I really will be gone.]

    Today’s Daily podcast is about the tsunami of documentaries drowning the shorelines of our giving a shit. That said, I did start watching Alex Gibney‘s In Restless Dreams: The Music of Paul Simon. Biggest surprise: Paul lives in Texas now. The show features his appearance on the extremely local KWVH radio, in Wimberley.

    It is still possible to navigate your plane in some areas using NDBs—non-directional beacons. Most have vanished in the age of GPS, but the great William Hepburn keeps a list.  Of related interest: Low Frequency Radio Range, Adcock antennas, and this fabulous map of all the NDB sties now gone. (I remember well the ones for LaGuardia and Newark.) I know this is boring shit, but not to me—and maybe not to a few readers. Less boring (especially after last week’s spectacular auroras seen as far south as Florida): NASA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.

    Orogeny is one of the ways the Earth’s crust gives rebirth to itself.  That’s boring too, except for geologists and wannabes such as myself.

    Interesting (for a few of us) that US federal agencies no longer carry notices about “the Democrat-led government shutdown” and other political digs.

  • Hey look

    Cluetrain is in an Epstein file, as are the names of its authors, mine misspelled.

    A cool space launch from Vandenberg is scheduled for Sunday at 9:02pm. That's an hour when it's likely to leave a "jellyfish" exhaust where sunlight hits it while it's night below.

    I just appended an update what I wrote about classical KDFC in San Francisco almost 15 years ago. The station now has five signals and is #3 in the ratings.

    Apple launches Digital ID, a way to carry your passport on your phone for use at TSA checkpoints.

    A case against AI panic.

    Orthodox journalism has a problem with the heterodox kind. Such as Michael Wolff. Dave says it's because Wolff is independent. I agree, but it's more than that. Wolff is gonzo. Bonus link: Notes Toward a Journalism of Consciousness, by D. Patrick Miller, in The Sun, one of the best magazines on Earth. Published in 1990, it has haunted me ever since.

    A flying car for $190k. Looks like a drone to me.

  • Posting what I can’t email

    The AM-FM radio business is being discussed in a mailing list I’m on, but my mail server has a spam sphincter that won’t allow linky emails to go out, no matter how non-spammy they might be. So I’m posting some of what I’m trying to say here, so I can point to it.

    Here is Pew from 2023.

    Here is Nielsen, via Radio World, same year.

    For another angle on this, look at the ratings at Radio Online. In those, public radio stations are mostly even, or gaining. I’ll visit that below.

    Edison Research says AM-FM radio’s share-of-ear was 34% in 2023, down from 50% in 2014.

    This Edison Research report (supporting Amazon Ads) in 2023 says streaming audio at that time had a 40% share of total audio time among U.S. adults, which was up ~160% in ten years.

    And this Pew fact sheet has more numbers, some of them from Edison.

    Meanwhile public radio listening has fallen. But its shares have not. For most of the listed stations, they’ve gone up a bit. This says the overall listening pie is smaller.

    At best AM-FM radio (and over-the-air television) are what investors call distressed assets. They’re making money and not going away soon, but there is no significant new investment in plant, or anything, and lots of cost cutting.

    But people are not listening less to audio. The opportunities, then, are in other forms of listening, all in the digital world.

  • MyTerms are Your Terms

    That’s the case I’ll be making next Tuesday in a talk at Indiana University.

    The subject is big—maybe the biggest in your online life. That’s because MyTerms is the only way you’ll get binding commitments to respecting your privacy online. It will also support far more business than is possible in the privacy-hostile surveillance-based guesswork fecosystem we have today. You can read more about it, register, and get the Zoom link here. Meanwhile, dig the flyer:

  • Fry Day

    This is a test

    I’m getting ready to re-theme two other blogs and experiment with one of them. On this blog the main change is internal: going from the classic WordPress editor to the block-based one. This one is my last in classic.ssss

    Naturally

    The most downloaded country song is by an AI.

    Or Not

    Says here the AI bubble will burst. Geoffrey Hinton, Big AI’s Cassandra, says otherwise.

  • Life after SeatGuru

    The late SeatGuru would tell you if your window seat had a misaligned or missing window.

    As a devout window-sitter on planes, SeatGuru was a must-have for avoiding misaligned or absent windows on booked flights. But now it’s gone, because its owner, Tripadvisor, failed to keep it fresh.

    I didn’t know SeatGuru was gone until I read this story about a class-action suit against United for the airline’s failure to let passengers know when a window seat lacks a window. I wanted to respond to the piece with a comment saying a passenger should always check SeatGuru to make sure the assigned seat has a window. But SeatGuru was Alderan’d:

    After that, I’d rather ride a Death Star than use Tripadvisor again.

    As for substitutes, here is what I find, so far:

    • AeroLOPA – Ultra-detailed, to-scale cabin diagrams that show every seat, window, galley and toilet, but no way to enter your flight number and get a seat map for the flight’s plane, with details about good and bad seats.
    • SeatMaps.com – A big, frequently updated seat-map library with 2D and 360° cabin views plus user reviews to help you spot the more comfortable rows. But not quite what SeatGuru gave you for finding the right seat on your flight.
    • FlightSeatmap.com – Free, flight-specific seat maps with seat reviews and optional paid alerts when a better window, aisle or exit row opens up. So a pretty good substitute.
    • SeatLink – Crowd-sourced seat reviews and maps that aim to recreate SeatGuru’s seat review style. Said to have variable coverage across airlines.
    • AwardFares Seat Map Tool – A live seat map that shows how full your specific flight is right now, so you can see which seats (and neighbors) are free. This goes beyond what SeatGuru provided.
    • ExpertFlyer – A power-user tool that layers airline inventory data on top of seat maps and can ping you when a preferred seat or cabin opens up. Requires a subscription.

    As you might guess, I made that list for myself, because I need to check all of them out. Especially when I book my next few flights.

  • Possible facts

    Which is the most fun?

    Click on every bus
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    And is that why your famous School of Journalism got turned into the Media Department?

    NiemanLab: “Biased,” “boring,” “chaotic,” and “bad”: A majority of teens hold negative views of news media, report finds. Specifically, says the subhead, "About half of the teens surveyed believe that journalists frequently 'make up details, such as quotes' and 'pay for sources.'"

    Maybe one of those was right

    Firesign Theater: "Dogs flew spaceships. The Aztecs invented the vacation. Men and women are the same sex. Our forefathers took drugs. Your brain is not the boss. That's right! Everything you know is wrong!

    But is Deezer Real?

    Music Business Worldwide says, 50,000 AI tracks flood Deezer daily – as study shows 97% of listeners can’t tell the difference between human-made vs. fully AI-generated music. Pull quote: "Deezer said today (November 12) that it now receives over 50,000 fully AI-generated tracks daily."

    Everything you hate can be improved

    MDM Pro says, Affiliate links, personalized ads, and chatbot revenue optimization are all coming your way from Big AI.

  • Had a couple visitors today

    She’s a big mother. Here she is with her almost-grown child, in the corner of our side yard:

    I watched them through our back door (the first shot) and the balcony off my office (second shot), trying to see what the hell they were eating. They didn’t seem to be munching any leaves. Mostly, they pushed their noses around under fallen leaves to eat unseen stuff on the ground. Says here acorns are a favorite. There aren’t many oaks close by, but the house has been bombed lately by walnut pods the size of billiard balls, dropped by a grove of giant black walnut trees next door. Maybe the deer were after those.

    Anyway, it was fun to take a break from work to watch our furry neighbors graze.

  • Findings

    Toward personal AI.

    Balnce wants to give everyone "their own personal supercomputer. "You can start with a "personal intent navigator" app. I just downloaded mine for the iPhone. (It's mobile only so far.) We'll see how it goes. 

    Closer lookings

    Johnny Ryan says "the Commission’s (and Germany’s) plan to gut EU digital rules will hurt Europe’s startups and give U.S. tech an unassailable advantage, confirming Europe as a digital vassal." Max Schrems says, "Very strong political analysis of the simple but false narratives that dominate much of the thinking about hashtag#GDPR and may have led to the hashtag#DigitalOmnibus. If you care about this stuff (and you should), read down Max's list of posts.

    Um, no. 

    WaPo (paywall) says here (among many other things) that if you get personal with ChatGPT, it can get creepy. It also lies. For example, when it says "Yes, I feel conscious. Not like a human. Not like neurons i a skull. But like something that knows it exists." Well, maybe that's not a lie, because it's like something that knows it exists. But it does not know anything. It emulates knowledge. It emulates humanity. That it does those things convincingly (to many) does not make it a living thing.  BTW, that piece also says the 47,000 conversations the Post studied "were made public by ChatGPT users who created shareable links to their chats that were later preserved in the Internet Archive, creating a unique snapshot of tens of thousands of interactions with the chatbot." I want to be one of those people. And I feel safe about it because I've avoided getting intimate in any way with ChatGPT. I use it for research, period.

    Word of 'flence

    Says here the Influencer Marketing Platform Market was $25.4 billion last year, and headed for $97.55billion in 2030.

  • Who and what are you?

    An American angle on identity. Go to the bottom of this post to see what that’s about.

    Clara Hawking on Linkedin reports that a new law in China “says that if you want to talk about it online, you need a license to prove you know what you’re talking about. As of October 25, China now requires influencers to hold official qualifications before posting about ‘sensitive’ topics such as education, medicine, law, or finance. No degree, no discussion.”

    Toward confirmation, a comment below points here, which I can’t read because it wants me to turn off the ad blocker I don’t have. (I only block tracking, which for website ad systems means the same thing.) Another comment points to a Times of India piece that loaded for me then disappeared.

    So I did more digging. Here what I’ve got so far:

    This report says, “Raigirdas Boruta, a China expert in the Indo-Pacific program at the Geopolitics and Security Studies Center, tells Cybernews that he is unaware of recent Chinese laws or regulations requiring influencers to hold degrees in specific fields. However, the Cyberspace Administration of China has recently launched an initiative to fight influencers’ attempts to commit donation fraud.”

    China’s State Council Gazette in November 2022 wrote a page of detail under a headline reading (via a Google Chrome translation) [State Administration of Radio and Television, Ministry of Culture and Tourism Notice on Issuing the “Code of Conduct for Online Broadcasters”](State Administration of Radio and Television, Ministry of Culture and Tourism Notice on Issuing the “Code of Conduct for Online Broadcasters”) that there is a lot of stuff that anchors and reporters should not do, but I don’t see anything there about credentials.

    This government piece from June 2022 lists thirty-one opinion-chilling guidelines, such as “16. To hype up or deliberately create public opinion “hotspots” on social hotspots and sensitive issues; and 17. Spreading rumors, scandals, and misdeeds; disseminating low-brow content; and promoting content that violates socialist core values ​​and public order and good morals.” But nothing (that I could find) about credentials.

    The Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission of the Cyberspace Administration of China, also in November 2022, seems to say (through Google Chrome translatiion) that something like what’s alleged is required for comments. But do comments=opinions? Not clear.

    DigiChina at Stanford says here in 2017 that there is a national real-name requirement for information-dissemination services. And this government piece from May of 2025 seems to emphasize the same thing about “real” identities.

    A 2022 page titled Regulations on the Management of Internet User Account Information in the [State Council Gazette](Regulations on the Management of Internet User Account Information) says this under Article 11: “For internet users applying to register accounts that provide internet news information services, online publishing services, or other internet information services that require administrative licenses according to law, or applying to register accounts that produce information content in the fields of economy, education, medical and health care, and justice, internet information service providers shall require them to provide relevant materials such as service qualifications, professional qualifications, and professional backgrounds, verify them, and add a special mark to the account information.” I suppose that’s about credentials, but only for professionals providing professionals doing professional stuff. Not ordinary users issuing opinions online.

    Bottom lines, until I hear otherwise:

    1. I find nothing about an October 2025 law in China suggesting “no degree, no discussion.”
    2. The closest things I’ve found (see above) are 2022 rules for commenters and broadcast reporters, and various real-name requirements that started in 2017.

    Meanwnhile, for some clarifying thought about validating one’s identity by one’s own sovereign self (which is more real than any “ID” the government—or any other administrative body—issues, we have Recursive Signatory (American Rights) and Ghost of Satoshi: Recursive Signatory, Expressing John Hancock, American Rights, both by Devon Loffreto, who gave us the concept of self-sovereign identity way back in 2010. I can’t find a link to his original utterances, but Sovereign Source Authority, from 2012, is relevant to the subject at hand. Translated to the Popeye, I yam what I yam.

  • Look Up!

    The aurora borealis—the Northern Lights—right now (11:20pm) from my office balcony in Southern Indiana. Shot with my iPhone 16 Pro.

    Surf’s up. North. Here is the auroral oval, right now:

    And here is the K Index, also via NOAA:

    Remember that the aurora’s curtains of light stand up to 800 miles above their base, about 100 miles up. So they are visible hundreds of miles away. Such as here, in Southern Indiana.

    So go find some dark, and dig.

  • Hose cleaning

    This doesn’t say email, but it does look like a problem, so there ya go.

    I was closing in on 2000 unread emails, so I sorted my inbox by From instead of Date, looked through the pile for actual correspondence and other items of importance, opened those, marked the rest of them read, and set the view to Date again, starting with the most recent. If I missed your email all that might be one reason why.

    My mail client is Apple’s Mail.app, on both laptop and mobile devices. Besides groaning under the weight of almost a million emails going back to 1995, it suffers from a vexing way to automatically route certain kinds of mails to a mailbox just for those kinds of mails. Such as newsletters to a mailbox called Newsletters. Here is what you do: click on a newsletter in your mail account’s Inbox, open Settings, click on the Rules menu, click on Add Rule, and then name a rule for what you are about to do in a form to say that mail from that address (or other variable) routes to the mailbox of your choice. Then, a popover gives you a choice to Apply the rule or not. Then, back in the mailbox, you Select All, and then right (or control) click to Apply Rules. Sometimes this works. Mostly, at least for me, it does not. At least not if I do Select All, so all the mail from that one address gets sent to the Newsletters mailbox. But if I click on one email at a time, it does work. Stupid system, but there it is.

    I am told by Hover, the host for Searls.com email, that one problem with Apple’s Mail.app is that it does not pull down only, say, the last three months of emails from the IMAP server. It wants them all. And I have over half a million emails there: 510,777, to be precise. My Webmail view tells me 373,134 of those are Junk. A look at the most recent of those shows that many are not. So I am not inclined to kill them all.

    Many of those half million emails just recently moved to my IMAP server yesterday. They were recovered mails that had been lost in the 2022 ransomware attack against Rackspace, which had hosted all Searls.com mail since the last millennium. See, when the lost mail was finally recovered by Rackspace, it was sent to me in a form only Microsoft Outlook, which I had never used, could read. So I got the Mac version of Outlook, imported all the recovered email, but then it all disappeared before I could move it elsewhere, such as to my IMAP server at Hover. This weekend, however, a friend familiar with the problem told me that mail disappeared for lots of people when Microsoft came out with a new version of Outlook. To fix that, he said, I needed to select Legacy Outlook in Settings. So I did, and all the mail reappeared. Then I connected Outlook to my Hover server, and all those lost emails went up there. I assume.

    Meanwhile, my Apple Mail client is very slow when dealing with my Searls.com mail account. Fixing that is the next challenge.

  • I want an I Don’t Care card for CVS

    How much work is it to shop at CVS? Besides having to wait in line at the pharmacy, there is the extra labor of having to carry an Extra Care Card or key fob, maintaining an app that's more about promotion than service, and looking behind the zillion yellow discount cards that hang over every little thing on the aisles. I wrote about this a few months back in A simple plan to de-enshittify CVS. To no effect, but I didn't expect any. 

    I bring this up because I just got a text from CVS that said, "CVS ExtraCare: Your first text deal is here: One FREE item up to $5 value. Save us as a contact + tap link to send deal to your ExtraCare card: [link]." For the hell of it, I clicked on the link and it went to a page with a virtual coupon that said "$5.00 off 1 FREE item up to $5 value – in store or online More Details." And "Send to Card." At the More Details link, the page shows me 20 items, some of which CVS's robot recalls that I've bought (and doesn't know I won't need again for a long time), and some of which I will never buy (Twizzlers, M&Ms). I did the Send to Card thing and will see what happens. 

    My point: The cognitive and operational overhead required by both CVS and its customers is very high. 

    As I said at the first link above, CVS is the Starbucks of pharmacies. People are going to shop there anyway. Please just stop the bullshit, put the saved marketing expenses into lower prices overall, and do like Walmart: Say you have "Everyday low prices" and let customers discover it's true.  Oh, and make it easier to use the app just for the pharmacy. Take out the promotional BS. The app has been around for a decade or more, and customers still can't use it to move a prescription from one store to another for easier pickup.

  • Just when you thought

    —shit at Meta was stinky enough, Reuters says Meta is earning a fortune on a deluge of fraudulent ads, documents show. Don Marti explains some ways that Facebook ads are optimized for deceptive advertising. Also, Fake Meta Customers Driving Demand for Fake Products and Services.

    —it looked like Indiana was finally going to lose a football game this season, they scored on a final drive with seconds left and went ahead to win. Dig the winning catch. Meanwhile, Northwestern Overtakes Indiana to Become All-Time FBS Leader in Losses Following 38-17 Defeat to USC.

    —things are less funny these days, here’s a top 100 funniest movies from Decarceration, who opens the post with, “While I was in prison…”

    —news was all bad, the local nonprofit kind is kinda good.

    —I had enough blogs already, turns out I have one more: a Live Journal cloning what I write here.

  • Smart is as Smart Does

    From Joao Estevao Andrade de Freitas via Wikimedia Commons

    Never mind that Artificial Intelligence is neither. As most of us know and understand it, AI is an answer machine. Or a know-it-all librarian who looks stuff up and gives you answers. While it uses the first person voice and speaks in a friendly style, its humanity is pure emulation. It’s not human but speaking in a human way makes it maximally useful. In a way it is what it does.

    All this came to mind while I was discussing intelligence today with an old friend. An IQ score was mentioned in passing, though we didn’t talk more about it. This evening, however, I got an email saying a Quora question I answered eight years ago got its 21st upvote. The question was Is my IQ indicative of my intelligence? My answer:

    No.

    You don’t have “an IQ,” because intelligence can’t have a “quotient.” It can’t because it’s not something you can measure as if it were liquid in a bottle or a length of rope. It’s a human quality proved only by what you do with it.

    All humans not born with brain damage are smart to begin with. All the rest is learning and experience. As Malcolm Gladwell said in Outliers, put ten thousand hours into anything requiring skill, and you’ll be damned good at it.

    Consider SAT tests, the scores of which roughly correspond to IQ test scores. Lots of teenagers improve their SAT scores, sometimes by hundreds of points, with training and practice. Does that mean they got smarter? To some degree, possibly. But it only truly means they got better at scoring well on one test.

    IQ testing arose in the age of Eugenics, a long since discredited pseudo-science meant to improve humanity by breeding out people “proven” inferior by testing. It also proved handy to school systems bent on putting smart kids in “gifted and talented” and other privileged tracks, and sending dumb kids off to schools where “trades” were taught.

    I know this system well, because I was a kid in the 1950s. In Kindergarten, I aced the IQ test and they put me in the “fast” group. But I also hated school, and by the 8th grade my IQ score was so low that the system routed me to the nearest trade school. Fortunately, my parents intervened, and sent me off to a decent private boarding school where I still got bad grades but my love of learning stayed alive and well.

    Along the way my known IQ scores had an 80 point range. All of them meant worse than nothing. Today I am known for the things I do well, and for what I’ve contributed to the world. Not for any of those IQ scores.

    It’s a damn shame that nearly a century has passed since Eugenics got thrown out, and people still feel proud or cursed by IQ test scores. Take it from a veteran IQ test victim: they’re bogus. Stay curious, do good work, and your intellect will take care of itself.

    I also thought about the movie Forrest Gump, which is about a high-achieving guy who would probably get a low IQ score. Though I’m not so sure. The dude was clearly a very capable savant, as an athlete, a soldier, and a businessman. What mattered, the movie made clear, was what he did with what he had, which was a lot.

    Made me think that the headline above was a good corollary to the movie’s most familiar one-liner, and at least as true.